회원학회
회원학회
| 번호 | 연구제목 | 연구자 | 연구기간 | 발표실적 |
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| 내용 | ||||
| 24 | 고려삼과 서양삼의 PCR-RFLP법에 의한 감별 | 서정철, 서부일, 한상 | 2004-12-28 ~ | 학회지 |
| Panax ginseng is widely used as a Oriental medicine, but it takes a long time to reach harvest and to establish its qualified strains. In Korean and Chinese market, the price of Korean ginseng is very higher than that of American ginseng. So some dealers disguise American ginseng as Korean ginseng, because a general consumer could not distinguish between Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Ginseng is being world-widely cultivated and its origin of a product and the quality is different. So, the method for identifying the origin of a product is very important. Characterization and scoring of genetic variations is increasingly important to correlate phenotype and genotype differences. There is chemical identification methods about species differences, but analysing chemical profiles is very difficult for many variables such as the soil condition, climate, and nutritional factors. Moreover, many commercial ginseng products are extremely difficult to identify in the form of slice, powder, or extract. There are several types of DNA sequence variation, including insertions and deletions, differences in the copy number of repeated sequences, and single base pair differences. The latter are the most frequent. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a tool for many scientists to study genetic diversity in plant populations, but it has several demerits, including reproducibility8). In order to develop convenient and reproducible methods for the identification of ginseng drugs at a DNA level, PCR-RFLP analysis was applied within Panax species to authenticate Panax ginseng among ginseng populations, PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out. To determine if two ginseng species could be identified by PCR-RFLP analysis, we performed a PCR-RFLP of 3 Korean ginsengs, 1 American ginseng cultivated in New York, and 1 American ginseng cultivated in China. The RAPD results showed clear data. American ginseng showed most different pattern compared with Korean ginsengs, and cultivated area does not affect (Figure 2). These results suggest that PCR-RFLP methods are suitable for authentification of the concerned Panax species. This work shows that typing of genetic variations can efficiently be performed by PCR-RFLP. In conclusion, PCR-RFLP analysis might be able to provide the identification of the Panax species. Figure 1. (A) Diagram of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Genetic loci are the 18S rRNA small subunit, ITS I, 5.8S rRNA, ITS 2, and 28S rRNA large subunit genes, respectively. Sense primer and antisense primer represent primers used in PCR of the ITS locus. (B) Diagram of the polymorphic site between Korean ginseng (a) and American ginseng (b). Arrow represents the site of restriction enzyme (Sau3AI) which recognize \"GATC\". X-ed arrow represents that Sau3AI could not cut the site. (C) Diagram of the PCR product length after digestion with Sau3AI. Two PCR products are represented in (a). That meant that the DNA was extracted from Korean ginseng. Un-cut PCR products meant that the DNA was extracted from American ginseng. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 ← 489 bp ← 402 bp Figure 2. Results of PCR-RFLP Two American ginseng samples were purchased from America and China. One is cultivated at New York state in USA (referred as P1), and the other is cultivated at Liaoning in China (referred as P5). Three Korean ginseng samples were purchased from Korean drug store. One is a standardized package inspected by national agricultural cooperative federation (referred as P2), other is rootlets (root hairs) of ginseng cultivated in Kumsan (referred as P3), and another is ginseng roots cultivated in Jinan (referred as P4). |
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| 23 | 石菖蒲 추출물이 생쥐의 사회?심리적 스트레스에 미치는 영향 | 조수인, 김형우, 정용 | 2003-01-01 ~ | 학회지 |
| The effects of Acorus Graminei Rhizoma are antifungal, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. It is also powdered and applied to bleeding gums. It is used internally in the treatment of digestive problems, depression and epilepsy. The root can be harvested at any time of the year, except when the plant is in flower. It contains asarone, and this substance increases the hypnotic effect of barbiturates and ethanol, lowers blood pressure and is antibacterial against staphylococcus aureus, streptococci and mycobacterium. The whole plant is anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge27). Numerous observations exist to indicate alterations in behavioral and biochemical characteristics in depressed patients. The present study shows that AGE resulted changes in an animal model of sociopsychological stress. Various kinds of methods, such as immobilization, cold water immersion and predictable or unpredictable electric foot shock have been used as those for loading psychological stress inducing anxiety to animals. The influence of non-physical factors of stress including anxiety and fear on animal behaviors is, however, difficult to demonstrate objectively by utilization of these methods. Therefore, the communication box method was applied to load only psychological stress to animals(Fig. 1). The application of foot shock to the sender mice induced remarkable conditioned emotional stimuli to the responder mice, such as visual, auditory and olfactory sensations from the sender mice. Plasmatic levels of corticosterone display a circadian rhythm, with the higher values occurring during the dark phase in nocturnally feeding animals. Stressful situations induce a rise of corticosterone levels and this endocrine response to stress also presents circadian variations28). AGE reduced serum level of corticosterone, and physical stress may induce higher level of serum corticosterone than sociopsychological stress(Fig. 2). The effect of sociopsychological stress on central neurotransmission was evaluated in mice. Noradrenaline levels were measured in discrete brain regions following exposure to stress. Noradrenaline levels decrease by stress in the dorsal cortex of mice29). AGE showed no significant changes in noradrenaline level in brain. And physically FS stressed mice showed low level of noradrenaline(Fig. 3). Lipid peroxidation is a free radical-related process that may occur in biologic systems. Free radicals circulate through the body and attack macromolecules like DNA, lipids in membranes, and cellular proteins of the body. The antioxidant system present in the body controls the damage caused by free radicals30). Free radical activity is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including heart and cardiovascular system31). AGE showed no significant changes on lipid peroxidation in the liver and serum. And FS stress have potential influence of elevating lipid peroxidation in the liver(Fig. 4, 5). In general, chronic stress exposure has an influence on the circadian rhythms on various conditions including body temperature, sleep/wake cycle, and food intake, which should be normally observed in human and animals. The present study suggests that an exposure to sociopsychological stress, but not physical stress, causes a significant changes in pathological animal model. And AGE administration played a positive role in above stress condition. |
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| 22 | 흰쥐에서 동백 잎 추출물의 국소 뇌혈류량 조절 효과 | 조수인 | 2003-01-01 ~ | 학회지 |
| This study was carried out to determine whether CJE exerts beneficial effect against ischemia induced brain injury. The results are as follows; 1. The induction time of CJE increased from 1.0 to 1.15 with the concentration of 3%. 2. CJE i.v. administration showed no change on MABP in normal rats. 3. rCBF changes of normal rats treated with CJE showed significant increase of rCBF as dose dependent manner. 4. CJE treatment showed no change on MABP in propranolol pretreated rats. 5. CJE treatment showed significant change from the i.v. injection concentration of 0.01 ㎎/㎏ in propranolol treated rats. In conclusion, the present study provides clear evidences for the beneficial effect of CJE on ischemia/reperfusion induced brain injury. |
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| 21 | OVA로 유도된 천식 모델 생쥐에 대한 필발의 폐포내 호산구 침윤 및 증식 억제효과 | 李永喆 | 2003-01-01 ~ | 학회지 |
| In this study, the PLF could modulate the immune responses of BALF cells and lung cells in ova-induced murine model of asthma. Hence, the suppressive activity of PLF on BALF cells proliferation might important implications with regard to PLF therapeutic activity in asthma and pulmonary inflammation. One of the therapeutic objectives in asthma is to reduce the regional inflammatory response through the reduction of antigen-induced inflammatory cells. The main question to be addressed is whether PLF are involved in the pathology of airway inflammation and asthma. In the present study, we examined lung cells inflammation and BALF analyses. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by various airway obstruction(mucus production, peribronchial thickening, fibrosis etc.), airway eosinophilic inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It is a global health problem that results from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors2). Airway allergen challenge causes cellular inflammation in the airways, which is dominated by eosinophils in both humans11-13) and mice14). It has been suggested that eosinophils contribute to several of the clinical features of allergic asthma, including tissue damage and airway hyperresponsiveness15-18). Furthermore, eosinophils also have the capacity to release substantial amounts of bronchoconstrictor mediators, such as leukotrienes19-20). The use of mice BALF cells offers a popular system for the study of asthma pathogenic mechanisms. Although the involvement of other inflammatory mediators can not be excluded, OVA-induced elicitation of these inflammatory factors, which are released by BALF cells located in the airway, probably play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of asthma21). In our study, the proliferation of BALF cells and eosinophil recruiment from OVA-induced control subjects could be enhanced, but PLF treated subjects significantly reduced. Study of the immunopathology of chronic airway inflammation has recently identified several pathways that lead to the maladaptive, antigen-induced polarization of CD4 T cells to a type-2 phenotype. This polarization is thought to lead to IgE production and eosinophil recruitment and activation that is associated with epithelial cell injury and airway hyperreactivity. CCR3 receptors are expressed on basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and Th2 cells; CCR2, CCR4, and CCR8 are expressed on T-helper lymphocytes22). It is of note that the eotaxin receptor [CC chemokine receptor(CCR)3] has been described not only on eosinophils23) and basophils, but also on Th2 cells themselves. Our results indicate that PLF could decrease CCR3 expression of BALF cells(especially eosinophils) which data are compatible with cell proliferation and airway eosinophil accumulation results. BAL macrophages were stimulated to degranulate by the allergen challenge24). Macrophages from the airways can be activated to liberate a variety of inflammatory products, including enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix; cytokines, including TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF and others; and oxygen radicals which can damage microorganisms as well as adjacent cell types 25-29). The CD11b expression on neutrophils and eosinophils was significantly higher in asthmatic children than in the controls. It is investigated that the inducible expression of CD11b on neutrophils and eosinophils from allergic asthmatic children is primed in vivo30). CD11b expression on the surface of circulating eosinophils is significantly elevated in various allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma31). Since CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells(MSC) have been described as that which prevent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) development in a variety of disease states leading to suppression of CTL activity32). Although macrophages are known to have important functions in immune responses, their exact role in allergic airways inflammation, including allergic asthma, is unclear. To our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the inhibitory effect of PLF in lung and BALF cells in OVA-induced murine asthma model after inhaled OVA challenge. We observed that inhalation challenge with PLF administration resulted in a decrease in airway CD11b+ macrophage, Gr-1 granulocytes when compared with that observed after only OVA challenge. We also observed that the change in the number of eosinophils present compared with only OVA challenge correlated with the change in BALF cell proliferations. In summary, PLF has a deep inhibitory effect on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma and that suppression of lung cell, total leukocytes, total eosinophils number and eosinophil CCR3 expression and CD11b expression in BALF contributes this effect. Hence, the results indicated that PLF could act as a immunomodulator which possess anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic property also by reducing eosinophil recruitment in airway. We will prove immunomodulatory effects of PLF on the BALF cells and lung cells from murine model of asthma. The PLF suppressed airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma in BALF cells by controlling cell proliferation and eosinophil recruitment in the airway. However, further study on the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activities of PLF remains to be examined. |
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